Management of technology:
Definition:
All the knowledge, processes, products, tools, methods and systems employed in creation of goods or in providing services.
4 components:
Interdependent H/W, S/W, Brainware, know-how
According to Pritchett, there has been more information produced in the last 30 years than the previous 5000 years.
Nomads to agricultural labourers to industry. Workers to knowledge worker
America – Importance of TM ----now in India
Success of Japan, Singapore, China, Brazil, Philippines, Taiwan
Role, importance and features of Technology.:-
1. Linked to growth of economy
2. Creation of wealth- IPR, International assets
3. Increase in sales and profits for organization and flexibility of mfg & service systems
4. Reduces wastage & cost
5. Value addition to products and process eg. Maruti car, Nokia mobile, Sony TV, HLL surf.
6. Better HR practices
7. Growth in all sectors- agriculture, education, health, telecommunications,
Technology Development
• Basic research
• Applied research
• Tech. development
• Tech improvement
• Production
• Marketing
• Proliferation
• Technology enhancement
Technology Management connects disciplines which focus on technology creation to conversion of wealth.
Technology acquisition methods:
1. Internal R&D
2. Participating in a JV
3. Contracting out for R&D
4. Licensing in of Tech.
5. Buying the tech.
Technology Forecasting
Basis for good forecasting:
1.Understanding of TLC
2.Factors influencing tech. development or rate of innovation
3.Credibility
4. Accurate information base
5.Clearly describe methods and models
6. Clearly defined and supported assumptions.
7. Quantitative
8.Level of confidence
Technology diffusion :
“Diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated, over a time, through certain channels to members of a social system.”
Macro effects of technology change:
1. Rapid change in tech. to identify
2. Technological complexity , cross functional
3. Tech. fusion- cross fertilization of technologies
4. Diffusion of IT with COMM technology- implications in other fields
5. Emerging technologies have the greater impact of life- Molecular biology –IT- genetic engg, bio tech – nano tech will change industries and create markets
6. TLC’s for High tech industries become shorter
7. Changes in business environment
8. Communication, integration and collaboration
9. Changes in orgn. structure
10. Financial structure, education and training
11. Strategic direction of industries and economic strategy
12. Linking will assume greater importance
Forecasting Technology :
First step in tech planning is Forecasting.
It provides vision of the future that can be used to guide action of the present in anticipation of future states.
Technology forecasting is based on following established methodologies to forecast the character and role of the Technological advancement.
Eg: Reliance- CDMA mobile launched 1 year earlier, smart homes, security systems, malls, multiplexes, retail boom, trendy footwear and garments, foods & restaurants, Govt, engg, IT, Pharma, Telecom, engg. sectors.
Scientific invention +Engg Dev. +Entrepreneurship +Management+ Recognized social need + supportive environment = commercially successful innovation
Methods of Technology Forecasting:
1. Monitoring
2. Expert opinion
3. Trend analysis
4. Modeling
5. Scenarios
Tech. strategy: Technological advantage
Business strategy: Competitive edge
Business view of Technology Tech. view of business
Effective TM is a perfect blend of TS & BS.
Technology Transfer:
Definition: It is a process that permits the flow of technology from a source to a receiver. Source is the owner or holder of knowledge, while the recipient is the beneficiary of such knowledge.
Source: individual, company or a country
Jain & Triandis;- 1990 defines:
Is a process by which science & tech. are transferred from one individual or group to another that incorporates this technology into its way of doing things.
“ TT is the process by which tech, knowledge and information developed in one enterprise for particular purpose is applied and utilized in another enterprise for another purpose”
• User of tech. does not have to be its creator or inventor.
• Most inventions are created outside the firm that benefit from them. Invention may happen outside the firms boundaries or within the firm, it may be confined to one division.
Categories/modes of tech. transfer (TT):
1.International TT: eg. Advanced to developing countries
2.Regional TT: eg. AP to HP and Gujarat – e- Governance
3. X- industry or X- sector TT
Eg. Space program to commercial applications
4. Inter-firm TT :
Eg. Transfer of CAD / CAM expertise from machine tool mfg firm to a furniture producing firm.
5.Intra-firm TT:
Eg. One division to another, one dept to other- sophisticated computer tech. to manual work.
Obviously there are problems that act as barriers to appropriate TT such as :
1. Local capacity as well as the multi nationals whose financial powers have in many cases weakened the strengths of government. But a much bigger problem in effective and appropriate TT is focused on priorities of the donor or purveyor.
2. The financial limitations of most of the countries in Africa means that they cannot choose the technologies best suited to them and as a result, flexibility is compromised and development stillborn
Channels of Tech. flow:
Tech. is intangible, flows across boundaries of countries, industries, depts. And individuals provided channels of flow are estd.
Feartures and routes of of TT:
General channel: education, training, public conference, study missions, exchange visits
Reverse engg. channel: COMPAQ PC
Planned channel: licensing, franchising, JV, turnkey project, FDI , and consortia.
Technology Transfer agreement – Legal
1. Code of conduct- agreeable and procedural
2. Pricing of TT agreement- negotiating, bargaining
Eg. EICHER tractors- USA to Africa
3. Govt. Initiatives- CSIR labs, IICT, NGRI, Defense R&D, Nuclear deal with USA, TIFAC-in aggr & health, education , training and learning
Technology Search strategy:
There are 5 steps involved in evolving a strategy for TS:
1. Look at your situation
Understand context, helps you understand your internal and external environment reg, transfer and define objectives and strategies for how to proceed.
2. Choose the right path
Analyze risks and select strategy, helps you understand the risks associated with the transfer and select the right strategy to follow.
3. Focus the transfer :
Plan technology implementation, helps you plan the next step of the tech. implementation
4. Getting it done:
Implement technology, helps you implement the transfer as defined in the pplan
5. Determine where to go next:
Review and update transfer plan, helps you understands the results of the transfer to date and how to proceed based on the results.
Improving your TT process provides general guidelines for how to become pro-active in TT.
Technology change:
1. Pace of change
2. Driven by IT
3. USA – 85% workforce – agriculture ---- 3% workforce – agriculture because of Technology Management
4. Earlier manager – resistance to change
Technology transformation: eg E mail, ATM, SMS, SUN micro systems, Netscape
Technology policy- planning
Macro effects of tech. change:
• x-industry integration- IT, Telecom, consumer electronics
• better Forecasting
• rapid growth
• diverse features
• demanding consumer
• technology advancement
• flexibility of mfg & service systems
• orgn. structure
Socio Economic Planning:
1. Organizations operate in a socio-techno economic environment and interact with it.
2. Within the context of TM, interest is on technological factors, acts, plans.
(i) Potential public concerns of their product about to market.
(ii) And the processes.
Economic Planning:-
The ultimate measure of the success or survival of a corporation is the market performance of its products and services.
Organizations must translate market indicators to strategic decisions and operational plans.
Priority issues:-
1. Integration of technological and strategic plans.
2. Impact of third parties on TC—eg, Judicial decisions, Legislative and Regulatory actions, Insurance risks and Liability.
3. Increasing users influence in selection and application of technology.
4. Decreasing social resistance to adoption of new technologies.
5. Distributing the benefits from new technologies to gain acceptance.
Eg: Automation leads to cost reduction with lower labour share,
Reduces the incentives for outsourcing and offshore facilities,
Increase manufacturing jobs in USA.
6. Other issues worthy of consideration in developing firm specific methodologies to guide managers dealing with technology.
i) Potential obstacles to--- Inter Firm Corporation.
ii) Benefits of--- Inter Firm Corporation.
iii) Appropriate strategies and time points --- for transition from cooperation to completion.
iv) Impact of technology on quality of life health and safety.
Technology Planning:
1. Forecast the technology
2. Analyze and forecast the environment
3. Analyze and forecast the market/user
4. Analyze the organization
5. Develop the mission
6. Design organizational actions
7. Put the plan into operation
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